100 km offshore, southwest of Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Approximately 396 metres

Below the Surface

Entanglements:

A Scientifically Accurate Ocean Circus Show

June 6th — June 7th

Featured Creatures

of Barkley Canyon

Human

Humans are the most abundant species of primate on the planet and can be found on the majority of landmasses throughout the world, but are not adapted for survival in the deep ocean. They are typically omnivorous and able to consume a wide variety of both plant and animal species, often cultivating rather than foraging for the types of foods they eat. In addition to this, they are extremely social animals, generally living in complex social networks characterized by particular norms of behaviour. 
Human activities, however, are widely thought to be drivers of global climate change, including the types of ocean warming that lead to deoxygenation.

Phantom Jellyfish

The Giant Phantom Jellyfish is a rarely seen inhabitant of the deep ocean. As their name suggests, they are significantly larger than many other jellyfish species, with a bell over 1 meter across and four ribbon-like arms that are able to grow to 10 meters in length. 
Though they have been spotted in many oceans throughout the world, their preference for living in the “midnight zone”, a part of the ocean stretching from about 1,000 – 4,000 meters in depth, has made encounters with them very rare. Jellyfish as a species are very well adapted to low oxygen environments.

Feather Star

Feather Stars are crinoids, marine invertebrates related to sea stars. True to their name, they have five feathery arms that they use for both feeding and swimming. Their movement has been described by some observers as swimming as though “walking up an invisible staircase”. However, while they are incredible swimmers, their main way of moving around is crawling – they typically only swim in response to ocean currents or touch from a potential predator. They do not do well in low oxygen environments, and will avoid them or move away if at all possible.

Giant Pacific Octopus

Octopuses are incredible animals with 3 hearts, 9 brains, and specialized skin that can change shape and colour! The Giant Pacific Octopus is the largest octopus species and is a well-known predator, feeding on many things like crabs, fish, and squid. They can move along the seafloor by crawling and using their arms but can also swim very fast through the water column using jet propulsion. Scientists have even seen them use the large webbing between their arms to spread out like a parachute and then trap prey! Although they can move in these incredible ways, they are normally quite ‘chill’ animals that like to hang out in their dens. 
The Giant Pacific Octopus is able to live within a low oxygen environment due their specialized, copper-base blood, called hemocyanin, but can move to more oxygenated water if needed.

Sablefish

Sablefish have a slim, elongated body covered with small scales. They have a large mouth filled with very small teeth and a tail with a slight indent. Adult sablefish are opportunistic feeders, preying on other fish, as well as squid, euphausiids, and jellyfish. As adults they mostly stay on the seafloor during the day and then migrate up into the water column at night to feed. For mobile fish species, they are remarkably tolerant of low oxygen environments. Sablefish are long-lived, with a maximum recorded age of 94 years.

Grooved Tanner Crab

Grooved Tanner Crabs are a type of deep water spider crab, known for their bright red-orange colour, four pairs of long walking legs, and pair of claws. They are generalist feeders that can be considered predators, scavengers, and even detritovores. Their movement, like that of most true crabs is often most efficient when moving sideways. Some of them do live in the oxygen minimum zones, but they can also move to higher oxygen areas.

Zombie Worm

Deep on the ocean floor, the Zombie Worm (Osedax sp.) plays a macabre yet vital role in the cycle of life. These creatures look like tiny, feathery crimson flowers sprouting from the skeletons of sunken whales. 
Lacking a mouth, stomach, or eyes, they survive through a specialized “root” system that bores into bone by secreting acid. Once inside, they rely on a partnership with symbiotic bacteria to digest the tough fats and proteins locked within the marrow. By breaking down these massive skeletons, Zombie Worms act as essential ecosystem engineers; they recycle nutrients back into the food web and carve out tiny apartment complexes in the bone for other deep-sea residents to inhabit. 

Humboldt Squid

Humboldt Squids are large (over 2 meter!) torpedo-shaped animals with triangular fins at the top of their mantle and 8 arms and two longer tentacles at the other end! They are fast, aggressive predators that use jet propulsion and navigate the water column by combining their powerful siphon jet with fin movement, enabling them to move in any direction. 
This particular species of squid only started showing up this far north in our region in due to warming waters. Humboldt Squid can tolerate low oxygen by suppressing their metabolism and reducing energy. They also have copper-based blue blood, like the Giant Pacific Octopus. However, these squid will always return to oxygenated shallow waters at night to feed.

Glass Sponge

Despite not having any tissues or organs, Glass Sponges are incredible animals who are able to build their bodies into complex matrices of spicules, like 3D building blocks. They are mostly filter feeders with incredibly varied body shapes, who are extremely well adapted to low oxygen environments. If oxygen levels become low enough, however, they will eventually die out as they have no way to move away. Scientists have observed die-offs of glass sponges at a monitoring site that they suspect was tied to an extended low oxygen event. However, without this kind of event, glass sponges can grow to be incredibly old. In fact, the oldest have been estimated to be between 11,000-15,000 years old!

Conch

The Processes

Impacting Barkley Canyon

Scientific Advisors

Tetjana Ross

PhD Ocean Physics Research Scientist, Institution of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada

Tetjana Ross is a Research Scientist at Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and an adjunct professor at the University of Victoria, leading ocean monitoring programs in the Northeast Pacific using gliders and advanced sensors to study deep sea changes and bio-physical interactions.

Wylee Fitz-Gerald

MSc. Oceanography,
PSec Coordinator, Ocean Network Canada

Wylee is a proud Métis oceanographer specializing in biogeochemical oceanography, with a focus on robotic profiling floats, trace metals, and phytoplankton dynamics in the ocean. As a Postsecondary Education Coordinator at Ocean Networks Canada, she helps bring real-world ocean data into university classrooms and communities. This project brings together her passions for ocean science, circus arts, and Indigenous cultures.

Heidi Gartner

MSc Marine Biology Biologist, Institution of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada

Heidi is a part of the Deep Sea Ecology Program at Fisheries and Oceans Canada and a member of the NorthEast Pacific Deep-sea Exploration Project (NEPDEP; www.nepdep.com), where theyuse submersible technologies to study seafloor ecosystems far below the sunlit surface. Once considered relatively barren, the deep sea is an exciting place of discovery with biological ‘hot spots’ of remarkable life. With each dive the NEPDEP catalogues new species and habitats, documents incredible behaviours, and learns more about human effects in even the far reaches of our planet. Our discoveries underscore the urgent need for conservation in a rapidly changing ocean where where million-year-old seamounts, thousand-year-old animals, and fast-moving climate signals collide.

Fabio De Leo

PhD Biological Oceanography, Senior Staff Scientist, Ocean Networks Canada

Fabio De Leo is a marine ecologist working with deep-sea ecosystems and biodiversity. His research focuses on the study of all sea-creatures living in the ocean’s seafloor (benthos) and how they respond to ecosystem’s natural variability and to human impacts related to climate change (including deoxygenation and marine heat waves), fishing and other exploration activities. Fabio had the privilege to participate in research expeditions in most ocean basins, including in Antarctica, and diving with manned submersibles down to 1.5 km deep into submarine canyons off Hawaii. He is passionate about all things ocean related, grew up close to the coast in Brazil, surfing, scuba diving and fishing.

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